|
|
|
1) L'électrode de décharge depuis laquelle les arcs électriques partent. 2) La bobine secondaire construite avec un tube de 16 cm de diamètre sur lequel est enroulé environ 1000 tours (990 pour moi) de fil de cuivre. 3) La bobine primaire composée d'une quinzaine de tours d'un gros conducteur de cuivre 4) L'éclateur dont le rôle est de commuter le circuit entre les phases de charge et décharge du condensateur 5) Le condensateur principal, formé dans mon cas de plusieurs petits condensateurs combinés en série et en parallèle 6) Le filtre HV, sensé éliminer une partie des fréquences parasites crées par le système et qui pourraient endommager les ordinateurs ou autres appareils sensibles branchés dans la maison |
1) Who built the first Tesla Coil?
The first TC was built by Nikola Tesla, who was born in 1856 in Austria-Hungary. He worked in Europe and then moved to the USA, where he worked on several subjects, the main one being electricity. Edison has been his boss for some time, but the two of them couldn't get along, for Tesla was advocating the use of AC current, while the narrow-minded Edison was sure that HIS DC system was best. In 1885 a power war starts between the two inventors as George Westinghouse, head of an electricity distribution company in Pittsburgh, bought the rights to Tesla polyphase system of alternating-current dynamos, transformers, and motors. This transaction was the beginning of the battle between Edison's DC system and Tesla's AC, which slowly won and became widely used in the whole world.
The Tesla Coil was built by Tesla around 1890, when he was experiencing wireless power transmission in Colorado Springs, Co. During his experiments, he got sparks which measured around 45 meters, which shut down Colorado Springs Power distribution Transformer. The city was completely in the dark; without electricity
2) What is a Tesla Coil's purpose?
Tesla's goal was to demonstrate the possibility to transmit electrical power without using wires. Unfortunately, his system's efficiency was very low, and he stopped his experiments. Today coilers around the world try to recreate on a lower scale Tesla's expermiments. The idea is to get the longest sparks and to have a the quotient "spark length/power fed to the system" as low as possible.
3) How dos it work? (brief summary)
The primary circuit is formed with a capacitor and a primary inductance (the primary coil). It oscillates at its characteristic frequency. The secondary circuit, formed with the secondary coil and a top load which has its own capacity, is built with dimensions that give it the same resonance frequency as the primary circuit. This characteristic allows a very quick transfer of energy between the primary and the secondary. The volatage gain between the primary and secondary coil is assured by the high turn ratio between the two coils, and by the perfect frequency match of the two systems. If the potential at the top load rise higher that the critical value of air ionization, then a spark becomes visible from the topload and discharge it. The tank capacitor is charged by a high volatage X-former : typically a NST with an output voltage between 8 and 15 KV. A spark gap assures the commutation between the capacitor charge and the oscillation of the primary circuit.
Hmmm... Didn't I put warning signs on the first page of my web site? Don't forget that the 110 V coming from the wall plugs can kill! There are several dangerous locations on a Tesla Coil, and it is important to know where they are :
- High Voltage X-formers
Very dangerous : the tension they deliver is very high, and the low frequency (60 Hz) of the current they produce will flow through your body, which can reult in heart or breathing strokes. They are not only dangerous, but also vicious : They are not noisy when they are under tension, and you don't need to touch their outputs to get a nasty shock : having your hand close to the high-voltage outputs is enough to initiate a spark between the x-former and you, resulting in deadly current lowing throgh your body.
- Spark Gap
Beware of UV that are emitted by the spark gap. Do not look at it while the TC is working. Several gases are also produced by the ionization of the air and the very high current in thespark gap. Ozone is the most important and the most dangerous of them. If you are using your Tesla Coil indoors (garage etc...) do not forget to ventilate the room and if you start feeling dizzy or if you get a headache, stop your coil and go out to breathe a little bit of fresh air.
- Tank Capacitor
Even after your coil is shut down, your caps can still contain charges. If your capacitor has no bleeding resistors mounted on it, you must pay attention to the fact that you could get a discharge of several joules if you touch it. If you built your own Salt Water caps (SW caps), with aluminium foil outside and saltwater inside a glass bottle, you must be aware of the following problems you may have and which are dangerous : If your bottles explode, they can send flying pieces of glass everywhere around them. Electricity can also electrolyse your solution of NaCl. If that happens, you would produce the gas Cl2, a very toxic and dangerous gas. Do not forget that other kind of capacitors are subject to be set on fire by a short circuit.
- Primary coil
High voltage (compared to the ground), very high current (typically 500 A) and a low frequency during the charging phase of the cycle (60 Hz) : a very dangerous cocktail which doen't give you a second chance. Do not touch the primary coil while your Coil is working, no matter what are the circumstances.
- Sparks
Sparks' frequency in Tesla Coils is relatively high( several hundred kHz) and thus the skin effect should apply making them less dangerous (if you touch them, the current would flow on your skin and not through your body). But even if some people actually touch the stramers coming from their coils, I would strongly advise you not to do it. Keep in mind the following points : The more powerful your coil is, the more capacitance you need, and if you add capacitance, you lower the coil frequency, and you cannot apply the skin effect anymore. If your are connected to streamer and, at the same time, another stremer touches the primary coil, this would connect lethal 60Hz to the spark to which you are electrically connected. In conclusion, I would recommend you to behave with streamers as you do in a store : you look with your eyes, and not with your fingers!
- Noise
Big coils tend to get very noisy due to high current flowing through the spark gap. Please, keep in mind that your neighbors might also want to sleep. If you work indoors, don't forget to use hearing protection, as noise can be accentuated in small spaces.
Yes! Anyone with some knowledge in electricity can build a TC. In the US, it is made easier by the possibility to get free old Neon Sign Transformer from Neon Sign shops. Visit as many web site as you can to finde what people have made, that will gratly help you find what you need!
6) What are the main parts of a TC
![]()
1) The top load from where the streamers start
2) The secondary coil which is made for my coil with a 16 cm diameter tube. The winding consist of 800-1000 turns of enamel copper wire (990 turns for my coil)
3) The primary coil consists of around 15 turns of heavy copper tubing.
4) The Spark Gap whose purpose is to commute between the two phases of the cycle : Charging and discharging the cap.
5) The Tank Capacitor. For my coil, it is made with several smaller caps connected in serie and parallel
6) The HV filter whose purpose is to suppress part of the high frequencies created by the system and which could damage comuters or other sensible devices in the house.